What it needs & gives back
↓ Needs
Lighthigh
Watermoderate to high
↑ Gives back
Mulch_biomasshigh
Shademoderate
Through the year
Through the year
JFMAMJJASOND
emergenceBud break and leaf emergence typically occur after the last spring frost and when air temperatures consistently rise above 5
°C.
floweringFlowering occurs in late winter to early spring, typically in February, as days begin to lengthen.
fruitingFruits (small cones) develop over the summer, maturing approximately 6 months after flowering.
senescenceLeaves begin to senesce and drop with the first autumn frosts and as day length shortens.
Soil interactions
Drainagewell-drained to moist
Nitrogen fixingYes
MycorrhizalYes
Accumulatesnitrogen, calcium
Soil textureloam, clay, sand
Organic matterHigh
Compaction toleranceMedium
Propagation
Methodsseed, cuttings
Difficulty2 / 5
Establishes in~2 yr
Stratificationcold_moist
Self-seedingModerate
Divisionnot applicable
Wildlife & pests
Attractspollinators, beneficial insects
Can host diseasesalder blight, canker