What it needs & gives back
↓ Needs
Lightfull sun to partial shade
Watermedium to high
↑ Gives back
Mulch_biomasshigh
Shademoderate to dense
Through the year
Through the year
JFMAMJJASOND
emergenceBud break and leaf emergence typically occur after the last spring frost and when air temperatures consistently rise above 5°C.
floweringFlowering occurs in early spring, usually in March, as days lengthen.
fruitingFruits (strobiles) develop over the summer, maturing approximately 5 months after flowering.
senescenceLeaves begin to senesce and drop with the first autumn frosts and shortening day lengths.
dormancyEnters dormancy shortly after leaf drop, lasting through winter until spring.
Soil interactions
Drainagemoist to wet
Nitrogen fixingYes
MycorrhizalYes
Accumulatesnitrogen, calcium, magnesium
Soil textureloam, clay, sandy_loam
Organic matterHigh
Compaction toleranceMedium
Propagation
Methodsseed, cuttings
Difficulty2 / 5
Establishes in~2 yr
Stratificationrequires cold stratification
Self-seedingModerate
Divisionspring
Wildlife & pests
Attractspollinators, birds, wildlife
Can host pestsaphids, leaf miners
Can host diseasesphytophthora root rot, alder canker