What it needs & gives back
↓ Needs
Lightfull sun to partial shade
Watermoderate
↑ Gives back
Mulch_biomasshigh
Shademoderate
Through the year
Through the year
JFMAMJJASOND
emergenceEmergence of seedlings in spring after the last frost and when soil temperatures consistently reach 5°C.
floweringFlowering occurs in mid-summer, typically starting in July, triggered by lengthening photoperiods.
fruitingFruits (burrs) develop approximately one month after flowering and mature over two months.
senescenceAbove-ground parts die back with the first autumn frosts.
Soil interactions
Drainagewell-drained to moist
Nitrogen fixingNo
MycorrhizalYes
Accumulatespotassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, sulfur
Soil textureloam, clay
Organic matterHigh
Compaction toleranceMedium
Propagation
Methodsseed
Difficulty2 / 5
Establishes in~1 yr
Stratificationcold stratification recommended
Self-seedingModerate
Wildlife & pests
Attractsbees, butterflies, beneficial insects
Can host pestsaphids, slugs
Can host diseasespowdery mildew