What it needs & gives back
↓ Needs
Lightpart shade to full shade
Watermedium
↑ Gives back
Biomassmedium
Through the year
Emergence
Leaves emerge in autumn after the first frost, remaining green through winter.
Flowering
Flowers appear in early to mid-spring.
Fruiting
Berries develop in late spring to early summer, turning bright orange-red.
Senescence
Foliage dies back in late spring or early summer as temperatures rise.
Dormancy
Plant enters summer dormancy after foliage dies back, remaining dormant until autumn.
Timing is relative to your local season (temperate Northern Hemisphere).
Soil interactions
Drainagemoist but well-drained
Nitrogen fixingNo
MycorrhizalNo
Accumulatescalcium, potassium
Soil textureloam, clay
Organic matterMedium
Compaction toleranceLow
Propagation
Methodsseed, division
Difficulty2 / 5
Establishes in~1 yr
Self-seedingModerate
Divisionlate_summer
Wildlife & pests
Can host pestsslugs, snails