What it needs & gives back
↓ Needs
Sunlightfull sun to partial shade
Watermoist to wet conditions
↑ Gives back
Biomassmedium to high
Nectarabundant
Pollenabundant
Through the year
Emergence
Emergence in spring after the last frost and when soil temperatures consistently reach 5C.
Flowering
Flowering typically occurs from July to September, triggered by lengthening photoperiods.
Senescence
Senescence begins with the first autumn frosts.
Timing is relative to your local season (temperate Northern Hemisphere).
Soil interactions
Drainagepoor to moderate
Nitrogen fixingNo
MycorrhizalYes
Accumulatespotassium, calcium
Soil textureloam, clay
Organic matterHigh
Compaction toleranceMedium
Propagation
Methodsseed, division
Difficulty2 / 5
Establishes in~1 yr
Self-seedingModerate
Divisionspring
Wildlife & pests
Attractsbees, butterflies, hoverflies