What it needs & gives back
↓ Needs
Lightpart_shade to shade
Watermedium
↑ Gives back
Mulch_biomasslow
Through the year
Through the year
JFMAMJJASOND
emergenceNew growth emerges after the last spring frost and when soil temperatures rise above 5°C.
floweringFlowers appear approximately 60 days after emergence, typically in mid-summer.
fruitingBerries develop after flowering and persist through autumn and winter.
dormancyEnters dormancy with the first autumn frost and shortening days, though foliage remains evergreen.
Soil interactions
Drainagewell-drained to moist
Nitrogen fixingNo
MycorrhizalYes
Accumulatesorganic matter
Soil texturesandy, loamy
Organic matterMedium
Compaction toleranceLow
Propagation
Methodsseed, cuttings, division
Difficulty2 / 5
Establishes in~1 yr
Stratificationrequires cold stratification for 60-90 days
Self-seedingModerate
Divisionspring
Wildlife & pests
Attractspollinators