What it needs & gives back
↓ Needs
Lightpart_shade to shade
Watermedium
↑ Gives back
Biomasslow
Through the year
Emergence
New growth emerges after the last spring frost and when soil temperatures rise above 50C.
Flowering
Flowers appear approximately 60 days after emergence, typically in mid-summer.
Fruiting
Berries develop after flowering and persist through autumn and winter.
Dormancy
Enters dormancy with the first autumn frost and shortening days, though foliage remains evergreen.
Timing is relative to your local season (temperate Northern Hemisphere).
Soil interactions
Drainagewell-drained to moist
Nitrogen fixingNo
MycorrhizalYes
Accumulatesorganic matter
Soil texturesandy, loamy
Organic matterMedium
Compaction toleranceLow
Propagation
Methodsseed, cuttings, division
Difficulty2 / 5
Establishes in~1 yr
Stratificationrequires cold stratification for 60-90 days
Self-seedingModerate
Divisionspring
Wildlife & pests
Attractspollinators