What it needs & gives back
↓ Needs
Lightprefers partial shade to full shade
Waterprefers consistently moist soil
↑ Gives back
Biomassmoderate ground cover
Through the year
Emergence
Emergence of new growth in early spring after the last frost and when temperatures consistently rise above 5°C.
Flowering
Flowering typically occurs from April to June, triggered by lengthening days.
Fruiting
Fruiting follows flowering, with seeds developing approximately 30 days after the onset of flowering.
Senescence
Foliage begins to die back with the first autumn frosts and shortening days, though it can remain semi-evergreen in mild climates.
Timing is relative to your local season (temperate Northern Hemisphere).
Soil interactions
Drainagemoist to poorly drained
Nitrogen fixingNo
MycorrhizalNo
Accumulatespotassium, magnesium
Soil textureloam, clay
Organic matterMedium
Compaction toleranceMedium
Propagation
Methodsseeds, cuttings, division
Difficulty1 / 5
Establishes in~1 yr
Self-seedingAggressive
Divisionspring
Wildlife & pests
Attractsbees