What it needs & gives back
↓ Needs
Sunlightfull sun to partial shade
Waterlow to medium
↑ Gives back
Biomassmedium
Nectarattracts pollinators
Through the year
Emergence
Emergence of new shoots in spring after the last frost and when soil temperatures rise above 50C.
Flowering
Flowering typically begins in early summer, around June, as day length is lengthening.
Fruiting
Fruiting follows flowering, with berries developing approximately 30 days after the onset of flowering.
Senescence
Senescence occurs with the first autumn frosts, leading to dieback of aerial parts.
Dormancy
Enters dormancy after the first autumn frosts, overwintering as a perennial rootstock.
Timing is relative to your local season (temperate Northern Hemisphere).
Soil interactions
Drainagewell-drained
Nitrogen fixingNo
MycorrhizalYes
Accumulatespotassium, calcium, magnesium
Soil texturesandy, loamy, clay
Organic matterMedium
Compaction toleranceMedium
Propagation
Methodsseed, division
Difficulty2 / 5
Establishes in~1 yr
Stratificationcold stratification recommended for improved germination
Self-seedingModerate
Divisionspring_or_autumn
Wildlife & pests
Attractsbees, butterflies, hoverflies