What it needs & gives back
↓ Needs
Lightlow to medium
Watermedium to high
↑ Gives back
Biomassmedium
Through the year
Emergence
Emergence occurs after the last spring frost and when soil temperatures reach approximately 100C.
Flowering
Flowering typically begins about 60 days after emergence and can last for up to 3 months.
Fruiting
Fruiting follows flowering, starting approximately 30 days after the onset of flowering and lasting for about 2 months.
Senescence
Senescence is triggered by the first autumn frost, leading to the death of above-ground parts.
Timing is relative to your local season (temperate Northern Hemisphere).
Soil interactions
Drainagemoist but well-drained
Nitrogen fixingNo
MycorrhizalNo
Soil textureloam, sandy loam
Organic matterMedium
Compaction toleranceLow
Propagation
Methodsseed
Difficulty1 / 5
Establishes in~1 yr
Self-seedingAggressive
Wildlife & pests
Can host pestsslugs, snails
Can host diseasesdowny mildew