What it needs & gives back
↓ Needs
Lightpart shade to full shade
Waterconsistently moist
↑ Gives back
Mulch_biomassmedium
Shadedense ground cover
Through the year
Through the year
JFMAMJJASOND
emergenceFronds emerge in early spring after the last frost and soil temperatures rise above 5°C.
senescenceFronds begin to die back with the first hard autumn frosts.
dormancyEnters dormancy after fronds senesce, lasting through winter.
Soil interactions
Drainagemoist but well-drained
Nitrogen fixingNo
MycorrhizalNo
Accumulatespotassium, phosphorus
Soil textureloam, silt
Organic matterHigh
Compaction toleranceLow
Propagation
Methodsspores, division
Difficulty2 / 5
Establishes in~1 yr
Self-seedingModerate
Divisionspring