What it needs & gives back
↓ Needs
Sunlightpartial shade to full sun
Watermedium to high
↑ Gives back
Biomassmedium
Nectarattracts pollinators
Pollenattracts pollinators
Companions
Through the year
Emergence
Emergence of new growth in early spring after the last frost and when soil temperatures rise above 50C.
Flowering
Flowering typically occurs about 60 days after emergence, lasting for approximately 6 weeks.
Fruiting
Fruiting follows flowering, with seeds developing over about a month.
Senescence
Foliage begins to die back with the first autumn frosts, leading to dormancy.
Dormancy
Enters dormancy after the first autumn frosts, remaining dormant through winter.
Timing is relative to your local season (temperate Northern Hemisphere).
Soil interactions
Drainagemoist but well-drained
Nitrogen fixingNo
MycorrhizalYes
Accumulatespotassium, calcium
Soil textureloam, clay
Organic matterMedium
Compaction toleranceLow
Propagation
Methodsseed, division
Difficulty2 / 5
Establishes in~1 yr
Stratificationrequires cold stratification
Self-seedingModerate
Divisionspring_or_autumn
Wildlife & pests
Attractsbees, hoverflies, butterflies