What it needs & gives back
↓ Needs
Lightfull sun to partial shade
Watermoderate to high
↑ Gives back
Mulch_biomasshigh
Nectarabundant
Pollenabundant
Through the year
Through the year
JFMAMJJASOND
emergenceNew growth emerges after the last spring frost and consistent mild temperatures.
floweringFlowers appear in late spring to early summer, typically 60 days after emergence.
fruitingBerries develop and ripen in mid to late summer, about 30 days after flowering.
senescenceLeaves begin to yellow and drop with the first autumn frosts and shortening days.
dormancyThe plant enters dormancy after leaf senescence, lasting through winter.
Soil interactions
Drainagemoist but well-drained
Nitrogen fixingNo
MycorrhizalYes
Accumulatespotassium, calcium, phosphorus
Soil textureloam, clay, silt
Organic matterHigh
Compaction toleranceMedium
Propagation
Methodscuttings, seeds, division
Difficulty2 / 5
Establishes in~2 yr
Stratificationcold_moist
Self-seedingModerate
Divisionautumn
Wildlife & pests
Attractsbees, butterflies, hoverflies, birds
Can host pestsaphids, elderberry borer
Can host diseasespowdery mildew, canker