What it needs & gives back
↓ Needs
Sunlightmoderate to high
Watermoderate
↑ Gives back
Biomassmedium to high
Berriesedible for wildlife, some human consumption
Through the year
Emergence
New growth emerges after the last spring frost and consistent mild temperatures.
Flowering
Flowers appear in late spring to early summer, typically 4-6 weeks after emergence.
Fruiting
Berries develop and ripen through mid to late summer, following flowering.
Senescence
Leaves begin to yellow and drop with the first autumn frosts and shortening days.
Dormancy
The plant enters dormancy after leaf senescence, lasting through winter.
Timing is relative to your local season (temperate Northern Hemisphere).
Soil interactions
Drainagewell-drained-to-moist
Nitrogen fixingNo
MycorrhizalYes
Accumulatescalcium, potassium
Soil textureloam, sandy_loam, clay_loam
Organic matterHigh
Compaction toleranceMedium
Propagation
Methodsseeds, cuttings, division
Difficulty2 / 5
Establishes in~2 yr
Stratificationcold_moist
Self-seedingModerate
Divisionautumn
Wildlife & pests
Attractspollinators, birds, mammals
Can host pestsaphids, elderberry_borer
Can host diseasespowdery_mildew, cankers