What it needs & gives back
↓ Needs
Sunlightfull sun to partial shade
Watermoderate
↑ Gives back
Biomassedible leaves and shoots
Through the year
Emergence
Emergence occurs after the last spring frost when soil temperatures consistently reach 100C.
Flowering
Flowering typically begins about 60 days after emergence and can continue for several months.
Fruiting
Fruiting follows flowering, with seeds maturing over a long period.
Harvest
Leaves can be harvested continuously from about 45 days after emergence until the first autumn frost.
Senescence
Plants will senesce with the arrival of the first autumn frost.
Timing is relative to your local season (temperate Northern Hemisphere).
Soil interactions
Drainagewell-drained
Nitrogen fixingNo
MycorrhizalNo
Accumulatesmagnesium, iron, calcium
Soil texturesandy, loamy, clay
Organic matterMedium
Compaction toleranceMedium
Propagation
Methodsseed
Difficulty2 / 5
Establishes in~1 yr
Self-seedingModerate
Wildlife & pests
Can host pestssnails, slugs