What it needs & gives back
↓ Needs
Sunlightfull sun to partial shade
Watermoderate
↑ Gives back
Biomassmedium
Nectarattracts pollinators
Companions
Through the year
Emergence
Seeds germinate and seedlings emerge after the last spring frost when soil temperatures are consistently above 100C.
Flowering
Flowering typically occurs about 90 days after emergence, usually in late spring to early summer.
Fruiting
Fruits (seeds) develop and mature following flowering, typically ripening in mid to late summer.
Harvest
Seeds are harvested when they are fully mature and begin to turn brown, usually in mid to late summer.
Senescence
Foliage dies back with the first autumn frosts, marking the end of the growing season for the biennial plant.
Timing is relative to your local season (temperate Northern Hemisphere).
Soil interactions
Drainagewell-drained
Nitrogen fixingNo
MycorrhizalNo
Accumulatespotassium, calcium
Soil textureloam, sandy_loam
Organic matterMedium
Compaction toleranceMedium
Propagation
Methodsseed
Difficulty2 / 5
Establishes in~1 yr
Stratificationcold stratification improves germination
Self-seedingModerate
Wildlife & pests
Attractspollinators, beneficial_insects