What it needs & gives back
↓ Needs
Lightfull sun to partial shade
Watermoderate
↑ Gives back
Mulch_biomassmedium
Nectarattracts pollinators
Companions
Through the year
Through the year
JFMAMJJASOND
emergenceSeeds germinate and seedlings emerge after the last spring frost when soil temperatures are consistently above 10°C.
floweringFlowering typically occurs about 90 days after emergence, usually in late spring to early summer.
fruitingFruits (seeds) develop and mature following flowering, typically ripening in mid to late summer.
harvestSeeds are harvested when they are fully mature and begin to turn brown, usually in mid to late summer.
senescenceFoliage dies back with the first autumn frosts, marking the end of the growing season for the biennial plant.
Soil interactions
Drainagewell-drained
Nitrogen fixingNo
MycorrhizalNo
Accumulatespotassium, calcium
Soil textureloam, sandy_loam
Organic matterMedium
Compaction toleranceMedium
Propagation
Methodsseed
Difficulty2 / 5
Establishes in~1 yr
Stratificationcold stratification improves germination
Self-seedingModerate
Wildlife & pests
Attractspollinators, beneficial_insects