What it needs & gives back
↓ Needs
Sunlightfull sun to partial shade
Watermoderate
↑ Gives back
Biomasslow to medium
Nectarattracts pollinators
Companions
Through the year
Emergence
Seeds germinate after the last spring frost when soil temperatures consistently reach 100C.
Flowering
Flowering typically begins about 60 days after emergence and lasts for approximately 6 weeks.
Harvest
Harvesting can begin at the onset of flowering and continue throughout the growing season until frost.
Senescence
The plant begins to senesce and die back with the first autumn frost.
Timing is relative to your local season (temperate Northern Hemisphere).
Soil interactions
Drainagewell-drained
Nitrogen fixingNo
MycorrhizalNo
Soil texturesandy, loamy
Organic matterLow
Compaction toleranceMedium
Propagation
Methodsseed
Difficulty1 / 5
Establishes in~0 yr
Self-seedingModerate
Wildlife & pests
Attractsbees, hoverflies
Repelscabbage worms, bean beetles