What it needs & gives back
↓ Needs
Sunlightfull sun to partial shade
Watermedium
↑ Gives back
Biomassmedium to high
Pollinator_servicesattracts various pollinators
Companions
Through the year
Emergence
Emergence typically occurs after the last spring frost when soil temperatures consistently rise above 50C.
Flowering
Flowering begins in mid-summer, usually July, and continues for several weeks, triggered by lengthening days.
Senescence
Foliage begins to die back with the first autumn frosts.
Timing is relative to your local season (temperate Northern Hemisphere).
Soil interactions
Drainagewell-drained
Nitrogen fixingNo
MycorrhizalNo
Accumulatespotassium, calcium
Soil textureloam, sandy_loam
Organic matterMedium
Compaction toleranceMedium
Propagation
Methodsseed, division
Difficulty2 / 5
Establishes in~1 yr
Self-seedingModerate
Divisionspring
Wildlife & pests
Attractspollinators, beneficial_insects
Repelsants, flies, Colorado_potato_beetle, Japanese_beetle, squash_bugs, cucumber_beetles, cabbage_worms, slugs