What it needs & gives back
↓ Needs
Sunlightfull sun to partial shade
Watermoderate
↑ Gives back
Biomassmedium to high
Nectarhigh
Pollenhigh
Companions
Through the year
Emergence
Seeds germinate after the last spring frost when soil temperatures consistently reach 10 C.
Flowering
Flowering typically begins about 60 days after emergence and can continue for several months.
Fruiting
Fruiting follows flowering, with seeds maturing over a period of two months.
Senescence
Plants begin to senesce and die back with the arrival of the first autumn frosts.
Timing is relative to your local season (temperate Northern Hemisphere).
Soil interactions
Drainagewell-drained
Nitrogen fixingNo
MycorrhizalNo
Accumulatespotassium, calcium, silica
Soil textureloam, sandy_loam
Organic matterMedium
Compaction toleranceLow
Propagation
Methodsseed
Difficulty1 / 5
Establishes in~1 yr
Self-seedingAggressive
Wildlife & pests
Attractsbees, hoverflies, beneficial insects