What it needs & gives back
↓ Needs
Sunlightfull sun to partial shade
Watermoderate
↑ Gives back
Biomassmedium
Companions
Through the year
Emergence
Seeds germinate after the last spring frost when soil temperatures are consistently warm.
Flowering
Flowering typically begins about 60 days after emergence and continues through summer.
Senescence
Plants die back with the first autumn frost.
Timing is relative to your local season (temperate Northern Hemisphere).
Soil interactions
Drainagewell-drained
Nitrogen fixingNo
MycorrhizalNo
Soil textureloam, sandy_loam
Organic matterMedium
Compaction toleranceMedium
Propagation
Methodsseed
Difficulty1 / 5
Establishes in~0 yr
Self-seedingModerate
Wildlife & pests
Attractspollinators, beneficial insects
Repelsnematodes, whiteflies, aphids, cabbage worms